Increases a specific segment of a semantic version string by a given increment.
The version string in semantic versioning format (e.g., "1.2.3").
The zero-based index of the version segment to increment (0 for major, 1 for minor, 2 for patch).
The amount to increase the specified segment by.
The updated version string with the specified segment incremented.
Increments the given semantic version string by increasing the patch version.